Ka'idojin Da'a na Fassara a Wikified: Ka'idodin Ƙwararru da Ayyukan Al'umma

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. 1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani
2. 2. Da'ar Fassara ta Ƙwararru: Tarihi da Tsari
   1. 2.1 Ci gaban Tarihi
   2. 2.2 Tushen Ka'idojin Ƙwararru
3. 3. Tashin Fassarar Al'umma
   1. 3.1 Ma'anar Fassarar Al'umma
   2. 3.2 Muhimman Halaye & Bambance-bambance
4. 4. Kalubalen Da'a a Fagen da ba na Ƙwararru ba
   1. 4.1 "Infosphere" da Nisa na Da'a
   2. 4.2 Nazarin Shari'a: Fassarar Wikipedia
5. 5. Nazarin Kwatance: Da'ar Ƙwararru da ta Al'umma
   1. 5.1 Jigogi Gama Gari
   2. 5.2 Ma'ana Daban-daban & Sabbin Abubuwa
6. 6. Nazari na Asali: Fahimta ta Tsakiya & Tsarin Ma'ana
7. 7. Tsarin Fasaha & Samfurin Nazari
   1. 7.1 Matrix na Yin Shawarar Da'a
   2. 7.2 Wakilcin Lissafi na Nauyin Da'a
8. 8. Fahimta daga Gwaji & Hoto na Bayanai
9. 9. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike
10. 10. Nassoshi

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan nazari yana bincika yadda ka'idojin da'a na ƙwararrun fassara suke aiki a sabbin nau'ikan fassara waɗanda ba na ƙwararru ba. Yayin da fassara ta faɗaɗa fiye da tsarin kasuwanci da na hukumomi na gargajiya zuwa fagagen da al'umma ke tafiyar da su, taron jama'a, da masu fafutuka, tsarin da'a da ke jagorantar masu aikin yana buƙatar sake kimantawa mai mahimmanci. Tambayar tsakiya ita ce ko ka'idojin ƙwararru na shekaru da yawa za su iya magance kalubalen musamman na aikin fassara na son rai, haɗin gwiwa, da kuma na jama'a.

2. Da'ar Fassara ta Ƙwararru: Tarihi da Tsari

Ka'idojin da'a na ƙwararrun masu fassara da fassara sun samo asali tare da ƙwararrun fannin, suna kwatanta ci gaban ayyuka na da kamar doka da likitanci.

2.1 Ci gaban Tarihi

Tsarin ka'idojin da'a na fassara ya ƙaru a ƙarshen karni na 20 tare da "masana'antu" na fassara. Manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru a duniya (misali, ATA, CIOL, ƙungiyoyin membobin FIT) sun haɓaka kuma suka buga ka'idoji don daidaita aiki, tabbatar da inganci, da kuma kare abokan ciniki da masu aiki. Waɗannan ka'idoji sun fito ne daga sanin gamayya cewa yawancin shawarwarin fassara "na da'a ne sosai, ba kawai na fasaha ba" (Goodwin, 2010).

2.2 Tushen Ka'idojin Ƙwararru

Tushe gama gari sun haɗa da: Sirri, Daidaici/Mabiya, Rashin Son Kai, Ƙwarewar Ƙwararru, da Alhaki. An tsara waɗannan ka'idojin ne don sarrafa dangantakar abokin ciniki da mai fassara, tabbatar da ingantaccen sakamako, da kuma samar da tushe mai kariya don yin shawara a cikin yanayi mai mahimmanci (misali, shari'a, likitanci).

3. Tashin Fassarar Al'umma

Fassarar al'umma ta ƙunshi aikin son rai, masu fafutuka, taron jama'a, fassarar masoya, da sa harshe na Software na Kyauta/Buɗe Tushe (FOSS).

3.1 Ma'anar Fassarar Al'umma

Tana aiki a wajen tsarin ƙwararrun tattalin arziki na gargajiya. Aikin yawanci na son rai ne, ba a biya shi ba ko kuma an biya shi kaɗan, ba a tsara shi ba, ba yarjejeniya ba, na jama'a, haɗin gwiwa, kuma ana iya gyara shi har abada.

3.2 Muhimman Halaye & Bambance-bambance

• Dalili: Ƙauna, akida, kasancewa cikin al'umma sabanin ribar kuɗi.
• Tsari: Haɗin gwiwa na buɗe ido sabanin aikin mutum ɗaya.
• Sakamako: Takardu masu rai, waɗanda ake iya gyara su sabanin aikin da aka kammala, da aka isar.
• Gudanarwa: Ka'idojin al'umma & bita ta takwarorinsu sabanin wajibai na kwangila & ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru.

4. Kalubalen Da'a a Fagen da ba na Ƙwararru ba

4.1 "Infosphere" da Nisa na Da'a

Floridi (1999) ya nuna hatsarorin da'a na "infosphere" na dijital, inda hulɗa mai nisa, marar fuska zai iya haifar da ra'ayi cewa ayyuka ba su da wani sakamako, kamar ayyuka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani. Wannan nisa yana dagula amfani da da'a dangane da alhaki kai tsaye da sakamako.

4.2 Nazarin Shari'a: Fassarar Wikipedia

Al'ummar Wikipedia sun taƙaita gogewar su a matsayin "10% fassara da 90% gaba da juna." Wannan yana nuna tsananin tattaunawa game da ma'ana, daraja, da iko a wuraren haɗin gwiwa, yana gabatar da matsalolin da'a game da wakilci, tsaka tsaki, da lalata waɗanda ba su da yawa a cikin aikin da abokin ciniki ke tafiyar da shi.

5. Nazarin Kwatance: Da'ar Ƙwararru da ta Al'umma

5.1 Jigogi Gama Gari

Dukansu fage suna fuskantar batutuwa na asali na daidaici (mabiya tushe), rikicin sha'awa, da girmama mahaliccin asali. Sha'awar asali na samar da fassara "mai kyau" da "mai alhaki" ita ce abin motsa jiki na duniya.

5.2 Ma'ana Daban-daban & Sabbin Abubuwa

Fassarar al'umma tana nuna sabbin hanyoyi:

• Canjawa daga Mutum zuwa Gama Gari: An fi mayar da hankali kan dabi'un al'umma da aka raba fiye da haƙƙin mai fassara ɗaya ko sirrin abokin ciniki.
• Daidaita Kai na Ƙarfafawa: Bita ta takwarorinsu a lokacin gaskiya, tsaron al'umma, da tsarin suna suna maye gurbin ka'idoji masu tsayi da tilastawa daga sama.
• Koyarwa & Koyo: Haɗa koyarwa a cikin dandamali na haɗin gwiwa, tare da mai da hankali kan gina ƙwarewa da fara al'adu.
• Sauƙin Fassara: Ka'idoji galibi takardu ne masu rai, al'umma ke fassara su bisa yanayin da suke ciki maimakon a matsayin ƙa'idodi masu tsayi.

6. Nazari na Asali: Fahimta ta Tsakiya & Tsarin Ma'ana

Fahimta ta Tsakiya: Matsalar tsakiya ba game da rashin da'a a cikin fassarar al'umma ba ce, amma game da canjin tsari daga tsarin da'a na ka'ida (ka'idojin ƙwararru) zuwa tsarin da'a na sakamako, nagarta, da al'adar al'umma. Ka'idojin ƙwararru suna aiki azaman kwangila da aka ƙayyade; da'ar al'umma ta fito azaman yarjejeniyar zamantakewa a lokacin gaskiya. Wannan yana kwatanta wani babban yanayi a cikin nazarin aikin dijital, kamar yadda Scholz (2016) ya yi nazari a cikin "Platform Cooperativism," inda dandamali masu rarraba suke ƙalubalantar tsarin mulki na gargajiya na matsayi.

Tsarin Ma'ana: Samfurin ƙwararru yana bin ma'ana mai layi: Ka'ida -> Mai Fassara ɗaya -> Abokin Ciniki. Da'a kayan aiki ne na bin ka'ida. Samfurin al'umma yana bin ma'ana ta hanyar sadarwa: Manufa da aka raba -> Aiki na Haɗin Gwiwa -> Ka'idoji masu Tasowa. Da'a kayan aiki ne na daidaitawa da ainihi. Wannan yana bayyana dalilin da yasa kawai sanya ka'idojin ƙwararru ya kasa - suna magance matsalar da ba ta dace ba (alhakin mutum ɗaya sabanin aikin gamayya).

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfin samfurin ƙwararru shine bayyanarsa da kariyar doka; kurakuransa shine taurin kai da rashin dacewa ga muhallin buɗe ido, na haɗin gwiwa. Ƙarfin samfurin al'umma shine daidaitawarsa da ƙarfin motsa jiki; kurakuransa shine rashin daidaituwa, raunin da ya shafi mulkin taron jama'a, da rashin hanyar neman taimako ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Maganar Wikipedia na "gaba da juna" alama ce ta wannan kurakurai - rikici shine babban hanyar warware rikice-rikice.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: 1) Samfuran Haɗaka Sune Maɓalli: Tsarin da'a na gaba dole ne ya zama mai sassa. Dandamali kamar Transifex ko Crowdin za su iya haɗa ka'idojin ƙwararru na asali (misali, ƙaddamarwa, tutocin daidaici) tare da kayan aikin gudanarwar al'umma (misali, zaɓe, lambobin bita ta takwarorinsu). 2) Koyar da Yanayi: Horon mai fassara dole ne ya faɗaɗa don haɗa da ilimin dijital da gudanarwar al'umma, yana shirya ƙwararru don kewaya duniya biyu. 3) Haɓaka Meta-Ka'idoji: Maimakon ka'ida ɗaya, haɓaka kayan aikin - jerin ka'idoji waɗanda al'ummomi daban-daban za su iya daidaita su, kamar ƙimar Agile Manifesto. Bincike daga Journal of Peer Production akan gudanarwar FOSS yana ba da samfura masu dacewa a nan.

7. Tsarin Fasaha & Samfurin Nazari

7.1 Matrix na Yin Shawarar Da'a

Tsarin don nazarin zaɓin fassara a kan ginshiƙai biyu:

1. Ginshiƙi X: Wurin Alhaki (Mutum -> Gama Gari)
2. Ginshiƙi Y: Yanayin Sakamako (Tsayayye/Kammalawa -> Ƙarfafawa/Rai)

Fassarar ƙwararru yawanci tana mamaye kusurwar Mutum/Tsayayye (babban alhakin mutum ɗaya akan samfurin da aka ƙayyade). Fassarar masoya na wasan kwaikwayo na rai na iya mamaye kusurwar Gama Gari/Ƙarfafawa (alhakin gamayya akan rubutu mai canzawa har abada).

7.2 Wakilcin Lissafi na Nauyin Da'a

Za mu iya fassara nauyin da'a $E$ na shawarar fassara a matsayin aiki na masu canji da yawa, suna ɗauka daga ka'idar wasa da ka'idar zaɓin zamantakewa:

$E = f(I, C, S, P, V)$

Inda:

• $I$ = Tasiri akan Mutum/mutanu (misali, mara lafiya)
• $C$ = Tasiri akan Al'umma/Gama Gari
• $S$ = Hankalin Abubuwan Tushe (ma'auni 0-1)
• $P$ = Dorewa/Gyara Sakamako (0=ƙarfafawa, 1=tsayayye)
• $V$ = Bayyana/Jama'a Sakamako (0=sirri, 1=jama'a)

A cikin saitunan ƙwararru, $I$ da $S$ ana ɗaukar nauyi sosai. A cikin saitunan al'umma, $C$, $P$, da $V$ suna samun nauyi mafi girma. Wannan samfurin yana bayyana dalilin da yasa lissafin da'a ya bambanta.

8. Fahimta daga Gwaji & Hoto na Bayanai

Gwaji na Hasashe & Ginshiƙi: Wani bincike zai iya bincika masu fassara daga al'ummomin ƙwararru da na Wikipedia, yana gabatar da matsalolin da'a iri ɗaya (misali, fassara abubuwan da ke da son rai na siyasa, sarrafa zagin da mai amfani ya ƙirƙira).

Bayanin Ginshiƙi (Sakamakon Hasashe): Ginshiƙi mai rukuni zai nuna bambance-bambance masu tsauri. Don "Warware ta hanyar tuntuɓar ka'ida ta yau da kullun," ginshiƙin masu fassara ƙwararru zai yi yawa (~80%), na masu fassara Wikipedia ƙasa sosai (~10%). Don "Warware ta hanyar tattaunawa a dandali/taɗi," tsarin zai juya baya (Ƙwararru: ~15%, Wikipedia: ~85%). Don "Babban damuwa: Kwangilar Abokin Ciniki," ƙwararru suna samun maki mai yawa; don "Babban damuwa: Martani na Al'umma," masu fassara Wikipedia suna samun maki mai yawa. Wannan hoton zai nuna a zahiri yadda ake aiwatar da da'a daban-daban.

9. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

• Da'a ta Hanyar AI: Haɓaka kayan aikin AI waɗanda ke nuna alamun matsalolin da'a masu yuwuwa (son kai, kalmomi masu mahimmanci) a cikin dandamali na haɗin gwiwar fassara, ba a matsayin masu sasantawa ba amma a matsayin tsarin shawara.
• Blockchain don Ƙaddamarwa & Asali: Yin amfani da fasahar rajistar rarraba don ƙirƙirar bayanan gudummawar da ba za a iya canzawa ba, masu bayyanawa a cikin ayyukan taron jama'a, suna magance batutuwan daraja da alhaki.
• Horon Da'a na Wasan Kwaikwayo: Ƙirƙirar muhallin kwaikwayo inda masu fassara suke kewaya matsalolin da'a a cikin yanayi daban-daban na al'umma/ƙwararru, suna gina ƙwarewar daidaitawa.
• Haɗakar Samfura: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suna ɗaukar hanyoyin sadarwar koyarwa irin na al'umma. Ayyukan al'umma suna haɗa "haske" ka'idojin aiki masu bayyanawa, bisa yarjejeniya, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin manyan ayyukan buɗe tushe kamar Ka'idar Aiki na Ubuntu.
• Gibi na Bincike: Nazarin dogon lokaci akan tasirin zahiri na fassarar al'umma mara da'a sabanin kurakuran fassarar ƙwararru. Ƙarin bincike na al'adu a cikin takamaiman al'ummomin fassara (misali, ƙungiyoyin fassarar masoya, ƙungiyoyin fassarar masu fafutuka).

10. Nassoshi

1. Drugan, J. (2017). Ka'idojin Da'a na Fassara a Wikified: Har yaushe ka'idojin da'a da aiki na ƙwararru suke aiki ga fassarar da ba ta ƙwararru ba? [Tushen PDF].
2. Floridi, L. (1999). Da'ar bayanai: A kan tushen falsafar da'ar kwamfuta. Da'a da Fasahar Bayanai, 1(1), 37–56.
3. Goodwin, P. (2010). Matsalolin da'a a cikin fassara. Mai Fassara, 16(1), 19-42.
4. Gouadec, D. (2009). Fassara a matsayin sana'a. John Benjamins.
5. Scholz, T. (2016). Haɗin gwiwar Dandamali: Ƙalubalantar Tattalin Arzikin Raba Kamfani. Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung.
6. Warner, D., & Raiter, M. (2005). Yanayin zamantakewa a cikin wasannin kan layi masu yawan jama'a (MMOGs): Tambayoyin da'a a cikin sararin da aka raba. Bita na Duniya na Da'ar Bayanai, 4(7), 46-52.
7. The Journal of Peer Production. (Daban-daban). Nazarin kan gudanarwar Software na Kyauta/Buɗe Tushe da da'a. http://peerproduction.net
8. Ka'idar Aiki ta Ubuntu. https://ubuntu.com/community/code-of-conduct